快速理解MySQL中主键与外键的实例教程

(编辑：jimmy 日期: 2024/11/16 浏览：3 次 )

主键与外键的关系，通俗点儿讲，我现在有一个论坛，有两张表，一张是主贴 thread，一张是回帖 reply

先说说主键，主键是表里面唯一识别记录的字段，一般是帖子id，体现在访问的时候，例如是
thread.php"htmlcode">

CREATE TABLE `dage` (
 `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
 `name` varchar(32) default '',
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1；

CREATE TABLE `xiaodi` (
 `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
 `dage_id` int(11) default NULL,
 `name` varchar(32) default '',
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
 KEY `dage_id` (`dage_id`),
 CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1；

插入个大哥：

mysql> insert into dage(name) values('铜锣湾');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from dage;

+----+--------+
| id | name  |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 铜锣湾 |
+----+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

插入个小弟：

mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(1,'铜锣湾_小弟A');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> select * from xiaodi;

+----+---------+--------------+
| id | dage_id | name     |
+----+---------+--------------+
| 1 |    1 | 铜锣湾_小弟A |
+----+---------+--------------+

把大哥删除：

mysql> delete from dage where id=1;

ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))

提示：不行呀，有约束的，大哥下面还有小弟，可不能扔下我们不管呀！

插入一个新的小弟：

mysql> insert into xiaodi(dage_id,name) values(2,'旺角_小弟A');

2ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`bstar/xiaodi`, CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`))

提示：小子，想造反呀！你还没大哥呢！

把外键约束增加事件触发限制：

mysql> show create table xiaodi;
CONSTRAINT `xiaodi_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dage_id`) REFERENCES `dage` (`id`)
mysql> alter table xiaodi drop foreign key xiaodi_ibfk_1;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings:

mysql> alter table xiaodi add foreign key(dage_id) references dage(id) on delete cascade on update cascade;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

再次试着把大哥删了：

mysql> delete from dage where id=1;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from dage;

Empty set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from xiaodi;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

得，这回对应的小弟也没了，没办法，谁让你跟我on delete cascade了呢！

例子说明的应该蛮清楚了吧，其他功能对应手册自己实践吧！:-)

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